Environmental Impact Assessment on Chikwawa Road in Malawi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES 1 PREAMBLE This document serves as an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report for the proposed road to Fatima in Chikwawa district. The project runs from Thabwa (near Shire River) to Fatima. The road has a lot of bridges and culverts since it is near the Shire River. The project proponent is Chikwawa Town Assembly with Asian Grant Aid estimated at US$ 7Million. The total length of the road is about 22 Km and is a dusty road. There are 25 bridges and culverts that are estimated to be built along this road. ES 2 SCOPE OF THE WORKS The proposed scope of the project is construction of tarmac road since currently the road is a dusty one and also construction of bridges, construction of drainage†¦show more content†¦To identify both positive and negative environmental and social impacts of Fatima road construction project d. To develop an appropriate environmental management and strategic plan with recommended mitigation measures and strategies for addressing negative factors in the programme. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Nature of the Project The proposed project under study if Fatima road under urban roads constructions. An Asian investor would like to invest $10 million USD on a project that requires an Environmental Impact Assessment. 2.2 Project Proponent The project proponent is Chikwawa District Assembly, a local authority under the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development. The core function of Blantyre City Assembly is the provision of municipal services, one of which is the construction and maintenance of roads. The proponent details are as follows: Proponent Name : Chikwawa District Assembly Postal Address : Private Bag 67, Blantyre, Malawi Physical Address : Blantyre Civic Centre, Kasungu Crescent. Telephone : (265) 01 870 211 Facsimile : (265) 01 870 417/ 508 E-mail address : bcadministration@sdnp.org.mw Contact Person : The Chief Executive Officer 2.3 Location of the Project Site The site of the project, Fatima road the road passes several villages. Please see the map below: Map: Location of Chikwawa District [pic] [pic] 2.3

Rjft Organizational Management Task 2 Free Essays

string(76) " as the financial state of the opera is healthy, the leadership is as well\." Organizational Management RJFT2 Task 2 A1. The Utah Symphony was recognized as a Group II orchestra. Group I and Group II are distinguished by the endowment amount and level of annual expenditures. We will write a custom essay sample on Rjft Organizational Management Task 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the year of 2001-2002, the average endowment for Group I orchestras was around $76 million and $8. 8 million for Group II orchestras. The Utah Symphony came in just shy of $12. 2 million in 2000-2001 and was projected to be upwards of $13. 7 million for 2001-2002. That being said, the Utah Symphony was considered to be at the top end of Group II symphony orchestras in the United States (Ager Delong, 2005). However, even with these strengths within the symphony, prior to the proposed merger of the two organizations, the Utah Symphony’s financial state was declining. There were several factors due to the weak financial state. The musicians were part of a union, which negotiated a contract requiring high salaries, benefits and annual pay increases, which would cause the organizations expenses to increase. So, while revenue was projected to increase, this was offset by the increase in expenses. The cash balance was $116,308 in fiscal year 2000-2001 and projected at $2,042 for the following year, yet another financial weakness. In order to ensure a successful start of the merger, Anne would need to would need to come up with a plan. She could start by addressing the musician’s salaries. By referring to the board, as well as union leaders, Anne can learn about the requests specifications of the last negotiation. When presenting a new contract, she can influence the musicians to either take a lower wage or not to take a pay increase by showing them the income statement and explaining that the life of the organization is dependent on cutting costs and increasing revenue. Through this, she can show how the organization will not be able to operate at a surplus if expenses continue to increase, offsetting the revenue earned. Eliminating pay raises could be presented as a temporary fix, or worst case scenario (assuming the organization would survive on its own without the merger and the musicians would be able to keep their jobs), wages could be decreased. Through this approach, she can show them that the success of the symphony and them keeping their jobs are dependent upon each other, but changes need to be made. In response to the increasing expenses offsetting he revenues, Anne could research their fundraising opportunities to determine what it is they do well and what could be improved. She can use fundraising ideas that work for her current organization as well as from the past. As there are financial strengths and weaknesses of the Utah Symphony, that applies to leadership as well. The organizations greatest strength in leadership is with Lockhart . Lockhart is known as one of the top rated conductors and his relationship with the musicians is very healthy. They look to him to support the group when decisions are being made. While this is strong, the board also appreciates and respects the leader, not wanting to compromise the relationship they have with him. Strength about this group is that Scott Parker, chairman of the board, realizes the difficulties the group is facing and cares enough to do something about it. While the symphony has great leaders, there are also some weaknesses involved. It’s possible that Lockhart’s focus is geared too much on the musicians and not enough on the survival of the organization. Parker is scheduled to move to New York and will be replaced by Peterson mid-merger. This could cause some confusion or instability due to lack of initial involvement on Peterson’s part. Another weakness is that there is no CEO. This organization needs a well defined leader to succeed. Anne will obviously have some leadership obstacles to overcome to ensure the successful start of the merger. Anne will need to convince Lockhart that while it is important to have the relationships he has with the musicians, it is important that this does not block his vision of the overall organization. He is a leader of the group and should focus on the well being of the organization. She can do this by showing Lockhart that the two (musicians and organization) are dependent upon each other, without musicians, there would be no symphony; likewise, without no symphony, there would be no jobs for the musicians. Also, with Parker moving to New York during the middle of the merger, Peterson will have some catching up to do. Anne should meet with Peterson periodically if possible before he joins the team full-time. She should also provide him updates as the process continues via face to face meetings, emails, phone calls, etc. Once he is full time, the merger should be his primary focus. Anne should also introduce him to Bill Bailey so that he can gather input from someone at the same level. In addition to that, Ewers should request ongoing open communication with Parker as a reference to help ensure the start of the merger is secure. A2. Unlike the financial and leadership status of the symphony, the opera appears to be in a much healthier state. Financially, the total revenue and contributions totaling approximately $5 million far outweighs expenses, leaving a surplus of $582,409 in fiscal year 2000-2001 and is projected to continue the same trend in the following year. Not only do they have a solid surplus, the opera is also financially stable in terms of assets. The large costume inventory and 2. 9 acres of land accumulate to roughly $4. 8 million in assets. Due to the strong financial state, no weaknesses were identified. In order to maintain the organization’s current financial state, Anne should be proactive and continue to coordinate fundraising, and seek funding through other areas. If the merger were to take place, the amount of performances would increase, boosting attendance and sales as well as overall revenue. Just as the financial state of the opera is healthy, the leadership is as well. You read "Rjft Organizational Management Task 2" in category "Essay examples" Anne has brought with her many accomplishments throughout her past experiences. While holding the general director position of Boston Lyric Opera, she was able to retire a $450,000 debt that was passed on to her from her predecessor. While there, she also built an endowment fund as well as increasing the number of productions from one to three. Anne also held the role of assistant director of both the San Francisco Opera and Canadian Opera Company. Within the USA and internationally, she has had the opportunity to act as stage director for more than 60 opera productions. During her 11 year tenure at UOC, she grew the organization’s annual budget from $1. 5 million to $5 million. Anne has a record of being successful at fundraising and is admired by both the opera and symphony boards. With this strong leadership, Anne will have lots of insight on how to address situations that come her way, based on her previous experience. The one weakness that is displayed is the resignation of Leslie Peterson. Leslie is the daughter of Glade Peterson, founder of the opera and is director of operations. Due to her disagreeing on the direction that the management is taking and her concerns about the merger, she resigned. To ensure a successful start of the merger, Anne has a few options. If the organization values Leslie and doesn’t want to see her go, Anne could meet with her and explain the plans for the merger. She could reassure Peterson that what her father built would remain the foundation of the organization going forward as it is built upon. Another direction Ewers could take would be to promote someone from within or hire a new addition to the team to replace Peterson. By replacing her, someone with a positive, supportive attitude that is excited and eager about the new merger would be a good fit for the combined groups. Anne could even look at replacing her with someone from the symphony to gain further trust and respect from that group. With very little leadership weakness, this is one less thing Anne has to worry about. A3. The Utah Symphony could be considered as having a combination of two different cultures, create- looking to grow and expand, and collaborative- having an extended family feel. However, the collaborative culture best fits this organization. In organizations like this, employees work closely with one another. Employees can look to their leaders as supportive figures and feel fulfilled and safe with the work they do (Kelly, 2010). An example of this is Keith Lockhart and his relationship between the musicians and the board. Keith’s primary concern is the musicians. The business review also stated that the board would ultimately not move forward with the merger if Keith did not approve (Ager Delong, 2005). The analysis of the scorecard is as follows: 1. Financial: The goal is to be financially stable and profitable by maintaining the same ticket price but increasing fundraising to be able to do so and measuring this by profitability. This addresses their financial weakness as listed above (by remaining profitable, the 83 symphony members will be able to keep their jobs). In regards to their organizational culture, this supports collaborative culture, securing and supporting musician positions. 2. Customer: The goal is to meet customer wants and demands of seeing world-class performers appear and the organization can make this happen by hiring the top notch talent. To measure if they are successful at this, they will gather reviews and feedback from customers to gauge how well they are meeting demands. Through constructive feedback, the symphony will know if they are reaching their goal and delivering what customers want. Positive feedback will assure the group that their goals are being reached. The Utah Symphony envisions being world class and this is compliant with the vision. . Internal Process: Through the renegotiation of contracts with the musicians, their goal is to have some flexibility in decreasing expenses. The organization can measure this through the improvement of profitability. This was addressed earlier as a financial weakness and noted that if Anne is able to renegotiate contracts the organization would benefit financially. 4. Learning and Growth: The goal he re is to offer a wider variety of symphonies to appeal to different audiences. This can be done by marketing towards those targeted groups, advertising symphonies of interest. An increase in ticket sales and returning audience is how this will be measured. While this exact scenario wasn’t listed above, it does reflect on the overall financial weakness and addresses the reducing the weakness by increasing profitability. All areas of this scorecard help address the financial weakness of the symphony and how to help alleviate it. In regards to the leadership weaknesses, the scorecard does not directly address them, but in the event they move forward with the merger, they (leadership weaknesses) will be addressed then. The Utah Opera’s vision is to become a nationally renowned opera house by improving the quality of performances and increasing endowment funds. A complete organizational culture would best describe this organization. Complete cultures bring a results-driven environment and focus on success and reputation (Kelly, 2010). The culture differs from that of the symphony because the performers are not employed full time here, therefore lacking the extended family aspect as seen with the musicians. The analysis of the scorecard is as follows: 1. Financial: Through raising additional funds and realizing endowments, the groups’ goal is to be financially stable and obtain an increasing reserve fund. This goal will be measured by improving the reserve fund amount. As stated earlier, the financial stability of the opera is healthy and this shows one of the strengths of the group. 2. Customer: By excelling in the quality of performances and increasing patron attendance to full capacity or nearly selling-out, the goal of having regionally and nationally acclaimed opera performances will be reached. This will increase ticket sales, resulting in an increase profit. Through this increased attraction, investments will increase, maintaining the organizations’ strength of being financially sound. 3. Internal Process: The goal to maintain financial stability and to attract top talent is dependent on successful negotiations with the top performers. Customer reviews and profitability are measurements of this process. Top talent performances will increase ticket sales and will also allow the organization to grow both nationally and internationally through these popular performers. The boards’ vision will come to fruition in the event that this goal is met. 4. Learning and Growth: Setting this goal of 5 high-quality performances per year relies on measuring the endowment fund growth and increasing ticket sales. This can be measured by covering capital need by revenue from the ticket sales. With the growing group, individuals will be more likely to invest, adding to the groups’ financial strength yet again. In terms of the Utah Opera, all four aspects of this scorecard focus on strengthening their existing financial stability. This will help achieve the goals and vision the group has set. While the financial strengths are established in the scorecard, the leadership weaknesses are not addressed. However, the leadership weakness did not exist in the individual organization until the merger was made public and Peterson resigned, and therefore does not require being addressed. B. Merged Company Balanced Scorecard: The vision of the new company is to attract top performers while providing quality performances, being noted as a successful merged opera/symphony combination following the merger and maintaining a profitable organization while doing so. 1. Financial: Strategic Goal- Secure financial stability throughout the entire organization * Critical Success Factor- Maintain funding through opera patrons and increase the symphony’s through endowments and fundraising * Measure- Recognizing an overall increase in Surplus of the combined groups from one fiscal year to the next 2. Customer: * Strategic Goal- Through combining the opera and symphony, become known nationa lly (and internationally if possible) as one of the first successful at accomplishing this merger, therefore bringing in top talent that draws a wider range of performance- goers * Critical Success Factor- Recruiting op rated performers that viewers would be interested in seeing and that would bring extra attention to the organization * Measure- The organization would see performance attendees and ticket sales both increase 3. Internal Process: * Strategic Goal- Having revenue far exceed expenses, leaving a much larger surplus * Critical Success Factor- Negotiating new contracts with the union for the musicians to hold off on pay raises and/or reduce salaries. Also, increasing fundraising and endowments * Measure- Successful increase in funding (endowments and fund-raising) as well as successful contract negotiations, reflected by an increased surplus 4. Learning and Growth: * Strategic Goal- Diversifying performances to attract different genres * Critical Success Factor- Making each performance unique and different from the last to attract different performance- goers * Measure- Gauge first time audience attendee by survey upon exiting performance and gather feedback C. When reviewing the proposed merged company, there will be some strengths and weaknesses of the new organization pertaining to each aspect of the scorecard as follows: 1. Financial: Historically, Anne has been successful in maintaining a healthy financial state of the opera. She exceeds in fundraising and attracting new endowments and is reflected in the surplus shown in Exhibit 3 (Ager Delong, 2005). However, the weakness of the proposed merged company is the lack of a healthy financial state for the symphony. While their revenue appears much larger than that of the opera, so are expenses. Through the addition of the symphony, the financial state will decrease the strength of the opera, in turn weakening the overall financial state. The contract negotiations and work to increase endowments and fundraising will help alleviate this weakness. 2. Customer: When combining the two groups, they will have a greater ability to bring in more well known special performers. This potentially will bring in new patrons. However, through this strength, also comes a weakness- they would need to figure out how to attract these new customers to get them to the performances. This could be resolved through advertisement and support of community involvement. From being involved with the community, they will have the opportunity to hear what patrons would like to see, and gauge performances based on interest. 3. Internal Process: The strength as the combined group is that they will be much more capable of offering a wider variety of arts. With the management team they have and past challenges they have accomplished, the two groups together will be able to succeed in things on a larger scale. The one weakness to having such a strong internal process is not having enough funding to support efforts. As mentioned above, funding issues can be resolved through contract negotiations, increased endowment contributions and fundraising. 4. Learning and Growth: Together, as one organization, they will be able to grow through recruiting top rated talent for performances and learn what it is that their customers want to see. While this is growing, the slight weakness they will encounter is the time it takes for the economy to rebound and for sales to start increasing. D. During the merger process, a few highly probable issues could arise in finance, human resources, and customer satisfaction. Financially, the opera is sound. However they will more than likely become reduced due to the fact that they will have to help make up for the lack of financial stability of the symphony. Eventually, this can be resolved through contract negotiations with the musicians, increased fundraising and endowments, and through the economic rebound, allowing more viewers to attend performances. In regards to human resources, an issue will probably arise when Ewers approaches the union to re-negotiate contracts. While both the organization and the musicians are dependent upon each other, some sort of agreement will have to be worked out and the human resources department will need to be involved. Finally, with all of the skepticism brewing in the community of combining the two groups, there will more than likely be some contributors that will be hesitant to continue donating their normal contributions. While it will be a difficult challenge to overcome, the new organization can rectify the situation by bringing in top rated performers as soon as possible that support the growth and excitement of the newly combined group. References Ager, David L. Delong, Thomas J. , â€Å"Utah Symphony and Utah Opera: A Merger Proposal† August 8, 2005, Harvard Business Review Kelly, The Types of Organizational Culture, May 4, 2010 retrieved March 10, 2013 from http://blorgtheory. com/2010/05/04/the-types-of-organizational-culture/ How to cite Rjft Organizational Management Task 2, Essay examples

The Righteous Reign How King Asoka Institutionalized free essay sample

The Righteous Reign: How King Asoka Institutionalized Buddhism Essay, Research Paper Colin Wood 630-26-9442 The Righteous Reign: How King Asoka Institutionalized Buddhism Buddhism and Jainism in Ancient and Medieval India Fall 2000 Proferes ? Dhamma saddhu, kiyam copper dhamme Ti? Apasinave, bahu kayane, daya, Dane, sace, socaye. # 8212 ; Dhamma is good, but what constitutes Dhamma? ( It includes ) small evil, much good, kindness, generousness, truthfulness and pureness. ? In the 3rd century BC at that place lived a male monarch described by the historian H.G. Wells as a swayer who stood out? amidst the 10s of 1000s of names of sovereign that crowd the columns of history # 8230 ; and shines about entirely, a star. ? Wells was mentioning to the legendary Buddhist male monarch, Asoka. The exact day of the months of Asoka? s birth and decease are still debated by bookmans even today. However it is by and large excepted that he was born sometime tardily in the 4th century BC or early 3rd century BC. We will write a custom essay sample on The Righteous Reign How King Asoka Institutionalized or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although Buddhist literature preserved the fable of Asoka, for many old ages at that place was non any unequivocal historical record of his reign. It was in the nineteenth century that these records were provided. Many edicts were found in India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. These edicts were inscribed on stones and pillars and exhibited Asoka? s reforms and policies. During his reign ( c. 265-238 BC ; besides given as c. 273-232 BC ) Asoka practiced his policy of ? conquering by Dhamma ( rules of right life ) . ? The policy was three pronged ; disposal based on Dhamma, direction in Dhamma for the public, and personal pattern of Dhamma by the swayer. The consequences of this pattern were immediately seeable among Buddhist circles across India every bit good as in neighbouring states. The lastingness and significance of these edicts are a testament to the bequest of King Asoka and are still seeable in mundane Buddhist life. I. Administration based on Dhamma Possibly the most dramatic illustration of Asoka? s policy of administrating his sphere based on the Dhamma is his acceptance of Buddhist doctrine after his bloody conquering of Kalinga. Centered in east-central India, Kalinga had late succeeded from the Magadhan dynasty in approximately 321 BC. Shortly thereafter Kings Asoka, in merely his eighth twelvemonth of reign, reconquered the country in a conflict described as one of the most barbarous clangs in Indian history. Purportedly the adversities suffered by the defeated people moved Asoka to give up violent conquering. It was besides about this clip that Asoka spiritually embraced Buddhism. The clip was 261 BC Although Asoka had encountered Buddhism and ? officially? converted the twelvemonth before, it was in 260 BC that he genuinely adhered to Buddhism? s instructions. The first grounds of this true transition is found in and edict released after the war. In it, ? he evinced great compunction at the slaughter he had caused, and expressed the desire to regulate, please and protect his topics harmonizing to Dhamma. ? Asoka? s disposal took several stairss to implement this edict. Regulating harmonizing to Dhamma required Asoka to better the quality of his topic? s lives. He created public Wellss and remainder houses, supported medical assistance for both people and animate beings, and put up commissariats for the same benefits outside his kingdom. Asoka was of all time argus-eyed over his disposal. While he worked to beef up and unify Buddhism, the occasional split was ineluctable. In Asoka? s seventeenth twelvemonth of regulation, differences of sentiment arose among some Buddhism monastics. ? There were many lazy and bad monastics given to evil ways. These wilful sanyasins were a expletive to Buddhism. ? Asoka was upset by this tendency. In order to salvage Buddhism from what he considered a? entire occultation, ? Asoka dismissed many monastics. He so invited the ? thoughtful? monastics to Ashokarama in Pataliputra for a conference. Asoka met with each of the current great instructors of Buddhism and asked them? What did Lord Buddha Teach? ? After long treatment, their ideals? came out clearly and unambiguously. ? Asoka now considered Buddhism stronger as a consequence of this conference. While statute law played a big function in his disposal, Asoka besides relied on persuasion to foster the Buddhist cause. One of the chief virtuousnesss found in his edicts was ahimsa, or? non-injury. ? This thought is a cardinal construct of Buddhism and other Indian traditions. Although Asoka kept his ground forces, he did so merely to forestall invasion, neer for the intent of conquering. One manner he used persuasion to act upon the public was to encourage regard for one? s parents and good behaviour towards friends and relations. Furthermore, good intervention of retainers was encouraged and many game animate beings were protected. The virtuousnesss supported by Asoka included, ? Mercy, truthfulness, sexual pureness, gradualness, and contentment # 8230 ; ? Recognizing that the success of his policy rested with the people, Asoka greatly advanced what was so considered the Buddhist cult pattern of relic worship through the building of tope. Richard Gombrich has argued that the rule point of this pattern was to unify an imperium which was basically divided. The maneuver seemed to hold worked because now there was? a favourable clime for the credence of Buddhist ideas # 8230 ; ? This was likely the greatest part Asoka gave to Buddhism. In fact A.L. Basham has maintained that prior to Asoka? s regulation, ? Buddhism was a comparatively minor factor in the spiritual life of India. ? Possibly a quotation mark conveying the wants of Asoka best expresses his political orientation, ? All work forces are my kids. As for my ain kids I desire that they may be provided with all the public assistance and felicity of this universe and of the following, so do I want for all work forces as good. ? King Asoka undertook an unprecedented effort to commit a faith. However some bookmans have pointed out the Asoka? s edicts bare a strong resemblance to the instructions of Ven. Moggaliputta-tissa, a Buddhist instructor of the clip. Whether King Asoka selected the edicts on his ain or at the advice of his wise man, Ven. Moggaliputta-tissa, no 1 knows. Still it is possible to derive some penetration into the Dhamma of which Asoka approved, whether or non it originated with him. One of the chief points of Asoka? s edicts is that Dhamma is? a quality of a individual, instead than of philosophies or ideas. ? The cardinal transition in the edicts, ( and its merely drawn-out verse form, ? The Sage, ? ) paints a image of the Dhamma as personified in the workss, words, and attitudes of the people who patterns it. Merely if the Dhamma finds concrete look in people # 8217 ; s lives will it last and have value. It was for this ground that Asoka undertook the direction of his public in Buddhist traditions. II. Direction in Dhamma for the Populace India in the 3rd century BC was non a peculiarly human-centered clip. There was ritual animate being forfeit, a immense figure of ignored orphans, the recognized world of underprivileged adult females, and bury impoverished aged. In add-on the tribunals on a regular basis handed down colored sentences based on the Judgess own personal beliefs. Punishment for many offenses was terrible, even to the point of anguish and decease. Asoka set out to compensate what he perceived as unfairnesss, and his primary agencies of making so was to name several high ranking Dhamma Ministers. These curates, ( including his ain boy and girl ) , were sent to assorted parts of his imperium every bit good as to outlying states to? promote virtuousness, look after old people and orphans, and guarantee equal judicial criterions throughout the empire. ? By promoting virtuousness, Asoka did non expressly promote Buddhism. Actually he was tolerant of all? harmonious? spiritual patterns and insured that all of his topics could adhere to whatever credo they so chose. Asoka had such an involvement in the direction of his people that he ordered affairs refering public public assistance to be reported to him at all times. His involvement in the aged and orphans seems to come merely from his want that they suffer no uncomfortableness. In some instances his protection even extended to condemned captives. ? [ T ] hey work among all faiths for the constitution of Dhamma, for the publicity of Dhamma, and for the public assistance and felicity of all who are devoted to Dhamma. They work among the hapless, the elderly and those devoted to Dhamma # 8212 ; for their public assistance and felicity # 8212 ; so that they may be free from torment. They ( Dhamma Mahamatras ) work for the proper intervention of captives, towards their unfettering, and if the Mahamatras think, ? This O Ne has a household to back up, ? ? That one has been bewitched, ? ? This one is old, ? so they work for the release of such captives. They work here, in outlying towns, in the adult females # 8217 ; s quarters belonging to my brothers and sisters, and among my other relations. They are occupied everyplace. These Dhamma Mahamatras are occupied in my sphere among people devoted to Dhamma to find who is devoted to Dhamma, who is established in Dhamma, and who is generous. ? This ardor was for neither personal nor political addition. The lone glorification he sought, harmonizing to Asoka, was for holding led his people along the way of Dhamma. The Rock and Pillar edicts issued by Asoka were non indiscriminately placed nor indiscriminately ordered. They were set up to portray a peculiar message, with the arrangement and order reinforcing and beef uping this message. One edict in peculiar, the Bhabru Rock Edict, explains how Dhamma can be carried on throughout clip. The edict, ? That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time, ? explains the thought nicely. The rubric of the first transition, the Vinaya samukase, explains that the rules of Buddhism are unconditioned. They arise of their ain agreement, they are inexplicit. Furthermore this means that whether or non a Buddah arises to? rediscover? these virtuousnesss, they are valid in and of themselves. The 2nd transition, ? The Traditions of the Baronial Ones? , emphasizes the thought of clip, a repeating subject throughout Asoka # 8217 ; s choices. It relies on the yesteryear to demo how venerable, tried, and pure the traditions of the Dhamma are. The four treatments on? Future Dangers? show a warning # 8212 ; it is imperative to pattern the Dhamma as shortly as one encounters it. By no agencies should the pattern be put off because there is no warrant that opportunities for pattern will be in the hereafter. These dangers can be interrupt down into two classs. The first set of dangers include? decease, aging, unwellness, dearth, and societal convulsion in one? s ain life. ? The 2nd class of dangers centres around the? faith? of Buddhism itself. Chiefly, that Buddhism will disintegrate or pervert as a consequence of improper exercising by its practicians. ? When those who are supposed to pattern it ignore the baronial traditions and instructions, and alternatively do many unseemly, inappropriate things merely for the interest of stuff comfort. ? The point of these transitions is to give a sense of urgency to the pattern of Buddhism, so that an attempt will be made to take advantage of the instructions while one can. The following transition, ? The Sage? is a verse form which presents the ideal of interior safety, ? an ideal already embodied in the lives of those who have practiced the faith in full. ? It stresses that true felicity comes non from relationships, but from the peace gained in populating a lone life, bing off alms and free to chew over in the wilderness. The 5th transition, ? Sagacity? analyzes the ideal presented in? The Sage? into three qualities ; organic structure, address, and head. ? Sariputta # 8217 ; s ( Upatissa # 8217 ; s ) Question, ? the 6th transition, shows these ideals in action. Ven. Assaji? merely by the graciousness of his mode, inspires Sariputta the roamer to follow him ; and with a few will-chosen words, he enables Sariputta to derive a glance of the Deathless. This is therefore no empty ideal. ? While the 5th transition best expresses the end of developing one? s actions in organic structure, address and head, the 6th transition contains what is considered to be the most compendious look of the Four Noble Truths ; agony, its cause, its surcease, and the way to its surcease. The last transition, ? Instruction manuals to Rahula, ? demo how these ends may be realized by concentrating on two chief qualities # 8211 ; truthfulness and changeless contemplation. These qualities underlie every facet of Buddhist pattern. The thought of the transitions combined is meant to animate Asoka? s topics. Although the early transitions portray the monastic as the ideal, the message as a whole show that pattern in Dhamma physiques upon the qualities in everyone # 8212 ; the ballad follower and the monastic ; work forces, adult females and kids. The message besides emphasizes once more the subject of clip, or more suitably, the eternity of the Dhamma. ? Whoever in the yesteryear, hereafter or present develops pureness # 8212 ; or sagaciousness # 8212 ; in idea, word or title, will hold to make it in this manner, and this manner merely. There is no other. ? Asoka? s edicts show something of the educational scheme Asoka recommended for the usage of his Dhamma functionaries, both Buddhist and non-Buddhist, to do the Dhamma a world in their lives. Asoka? s edicts follow a form to affect on their hearers foremost that the ideals of the Dhamma are dateless and well-tested, and that there is a demand to encompass them every bit rapidly as possible. Then they analyze the ideal, present a image of it in action, and terminal with the basic rules for seting it into pattern. This attack lucifers Asoka? s three pronged attack to regulating based on the Dhamma. III. The Personal Practice of Dhamma by the Ruler Buddhism was possibly the most influential force in Asoka? s life. Asoka viewed his reforms as being portion of the responsibilities of a Buddhist. Although he tolerated most faiths, he however hoped that his topics would follow Buddhism for themselves. Asoka undertook several pilgrims journeies to Lumbini and Bodh Gaya to distribute the word of Dhamma. He besides sent monastics to assorted parts in India and beyond with the same intent. Asoka? s committedness to Buddhism was such that he familiarized himself with sufficiency of the sacred texts to urge some of them to the cloistered community. Some bookmans have advanced that Asoka had a simplistic position of Dhamma. Their claim, that the edicts say nil about the philosophical facets of Buddhism. The intent of the edicts nevertheless was non to advance philosophical discourse among the monastics, but instead to inform and educate Asoka? s topics, ? to promote them to be more generous, sort and moral. ? As such, there was no ground for Asoka to dig into the deep doctrine underlying Buddhism. Asoka was concerned with being an decision maker and a Buddhist more than a beginning of original Buddhist penetration. He took? as keen an involvement in Buddhist doctrine as he did in Buddhist pattern. ? Another illustration of Asoka? s personal attachment to Buddhist rules can be found in Asoka? s tribunal. Prior to Asoka, hunting was normally accepted as the royal athletics. In conformity with his ideal of non-injury, Asoka replaced this pattern with a pilgrims journey to sites associated with the Budda. It was during some of these pilgrims journeies that Asoka erected his edicts and harmonizing to some, even erected the original 10 tope said to incorporate relics of the Budda. Furthermore, Asoka demanded that his full royal family become vegetarian. The Brahmanical pattern of carnal forfeit was prohibited in the capital, and a big figure of animate beings enjoyed protection, similar to the endangered species Torahs of today. Asoka has come to stand for the ideal Buddhist sovereign. He combines the leading qualities of a strong leader with the compassion of a saint. The edicts of Asoka are testament to a criterion of morality seldom seen throughout history. The way which led Asoka into the pages of history started with his disposal based on Dhamma. Administration nevertheless is non plenty to convert a public and transform a faith. Asoka realized this and took the following logical measure, educating his people in the Dhamma. Once once more though Asoka knew that any motion is merely every bit good as its leader. That is why Asoka so reverentially adhered to Buddhist rules in his ain life. Insight and inspiration. Reverance and regard. These ideals led Asoka to illustriousness and Buddhism to the rank of? universe religion. ? In visible radiation of current political state of affairss around the universe every bit good as in the United States, a swayer like Asoka could be merely what our clip needs # 8212 ; a uniter. Babb, L.A. Absent Lord: Abstainers and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture. U of Cal. , 1996. Dundas, P. The Jains. Routledge, 1992. ENCYCLOP? DIA BRITANNICA. Britannica.com. Asoka hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/7/0,5716,10007+1+9884,00.html? kilowatt =asoka North Park University History Department, History Department. Asoka Rock and Pillar Edicts. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.campus.northpark.edu/history/Classes/Sources/Asoka.html That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time hypertext transfer protocol: //cambodianbuddhist.org/english/website/lib/modern/asoka.html Ven. S. Dhammika. The Edicts of King Asoka An English rendition hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html

Elegiac Couplets Explained

Elegiac Couplets Explained An elegiac couplet is a pair of sequential lines in poetry in which the first line is written in dactylic hexameter and the second line in dactylic pentameter. The Roman poet Ennius introduced the elegiac couplet to Latin poetry for themes less lofty than that of epic, for which dactylic hexameter was suited. The typical meter of an elegiac couplet can be represented as:  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ x ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ The first two lines of Ovids Amores I, which is written in elegiac couplets, can be scanned (a note on scansion in Latin poetry) as follows, where bolding marks the long syllables, the non-bold are short or anceps, dashes separate syllables, spaces separate words, and the ends of feet are marked by vertical lines: Ar-ma gra- | vÄ « nu-me- | rÃ…  vi-o- | len-ta-que | bel-la pa- | rÄ -bamÄ“-de-re, | mÄ -te-ri- | Ä  | con-ve-ni- | en-te mo- | dÄ «s.

The Legend of Lucretia in Roman History

The Legend of Lucretia in Roman History The legendary rape of Roman noblewoman Lucretia by Tarquin, king of Rome, and her subsequent suicide are credited as inspiring the revolt against the Tarquin family by Lucius Junius Brutus which led to the founding of the Roman Republic. Dates: 6th century BCE. The rape of Lucretia is said by Livy to have happened in 509 BCE.Also known as: Lucrece Where Is Her Story Documented? The Gauls destroyed Roman records in 390 BCE, so any contemporaneous records were destroyed. Stories from before that time are likely to be more legend than history. The legend of Lucretia is reported by Livy in his Roman history. In his story, she was the daughter of Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus, sister of Publius Lucretius Tricipitinus, niece of Lucius Junius Brutus, and wife of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus (Conlatinus) who was the son of Egerius.    Her story is also told in Ovids Fasti. The Story of Lucretia The story begins with a drinking bet between some young men at the home of Sextus Tarquinius, a son of the king of Rome. They decide to surprise their wives to see how they behave when they are not expecting their husbands. The wife of Collatinus, Lucretia, is behaving virtuously, while the wives of the kings sons are not. Several days later, Sextus Tarquinius goes to Collatinus home and is given hospitality. When everyone else is asleep in the house, he goes to Lucretias bedroom and threatens her with a sword, demanding and begging that she submit to his advances. She shows herself to be unafraid of death, and then he threatens that he will kill her and place her nude body next to the nude body of a servant, bringing shame on her family as this will imply adultery with her social inferior. She submits, but in the morning calls her father, husband, and uncle to her, and she tells them how she has lost her honor and demands that they avenge her rape. Though the men try to convince her that she bears no dishonor, she disagrees and kills herself, her punishment for losing her honor. Brutus, her uncle, declares that they will drive the king and all his family from Rome and never have a king in Rome again. When her body is publicly displayed, it reminds many others in Rome of acts of violence by the kings family. Her rape is thus the trigger for the Roman revolution. Her uncle and husband are leaders of the revolution and the newly-established republic. Lucretias brother and husband are the first Roman consuls. The legend of Lucretia- a woman who was sexually violated and therefore shamed her male kinsmen who then took revenge against the rapist and his family- was used not only in the Roman republic to represent proper womanly virtue, but was used by many writers and artists in later times. William Shakespeares The Rape of Lucrece In 1594, Shakespeare wrote a narrative poem about Lucretia. The poem is 1855 lines long, with 265 stanzas. Shakespeare used the story of Lucretias rape in four of his poems via allusions: Cybeline, Titus Andronicus, Macbeth, and Taming of the Shrew. the poem was published by printer Richard Field and sold by John Harrison the Elder, a bookseller in St. Pauls Churchyard. Shakespeare drew from both Ovids version in Fasti  and Livys in his history of Rome.

Diffusion and osmosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diffusion and osmosis - Essay Example The solution subjected to the highest temperature demonstrated the fastest rate of diffusion. The effect of varying solute concentrations was demonstrated by adding 2 drops of blood to six test tubes each containing different solutes. Crenation was observed in cells put in hypertonic solution, while lyses were observed in cells put in hypotonic solution. Cells put in isotonic solution showed no change in morphology. The effect of detergent was determined by adding 3 drops of detergent on the sodium chloride solution. The packed cell volume was also determined with the use of the microhaematocrit reader. Patients with low hematocrit values suggest anemia, among others, while an increased value would indicate several conditions including polycythemia. The human body is one masterpiece that is made up of a complex series of processes that work in coordination with all other bodily systems to maintain a healthy and thriving organism. These processes all happen in a controlled fashion, such that they simultaneously complement the activity of the other processes taking place in the other parts of the body. This is exemplified at the cellular level by the efficiency of the plasma membrane in regulating the flow of substances in and out of the cell. This study has been This experiment was made up of three parts. The first part demonstrated the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion. Crystals of potassium permanganate were placed in beakers which were subjected to different temperatures. Changes in the solutions were observed over a period of time. Observations were noted and recorded at 0 minute, 5 minutes and then at 10-minute intervals for the first hour, and then again after every 20 minutes thereafter. To demonstrate the effect of osmosis on red blood cells, six test tubes were prepared and were labeled test tubes A-F. Two (2) ml of different solutions were placed in each

Evaluate what Technological Needs & Barriers do International Students Research Paper

Evaluate what Technological Needs & Barriers do International Students face in accessing the Library Services at Bournemouth Uni - Research Paper Example Assumptions by quantitative purist are in consistent with positivist philosophy. This implies that, social observations should be considered as entities in the same manner physical phenomena are treated by physical scientists. In addition to that, quantitative purists argue that, entities subjected to observation are separate from the observer. Moreover, they write that, inquiries in social sciences need to be objective. Therefore, context-free and time generalizations are necessary and social scientific results real causes should be in a position to be determined validly and reliably (Foley 2010, p.18). On the contrary, qualitative purists are not in support of positivism. Qualitative purists are also referred to as interpretivists and constructivists. This group is in support of idealism, humanism, constructivism, relativism, postmodernism and hermeneutics superiority. Unlike quantitative purists, they contend that, content-free and time generalizations are neither possible nor rel iable. In addition to that, they put across that, any research has a bound value. As a result, it is quite difficult to fully differentiate effects and causes, and the flow of logic follows a particular pattern. That is, from specific to general. For example, through the utilization of the collected data, explanations can be inductively generated. Furthermore, knower cannot be alienated from known. This is because knower being subjective acts as a basis of reality (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie 2004, p.14). There are differences between inductive and deductive logic. In deductive logic, a researcher utilizes large volumes of information and comes up with conclusions. On the other hand, inductive logic generalizes information using a single information piece. Rationale for the Research Methodology Utilization of mixed methods helps in bridging the division that exists between qualitative and quantitative research. The research focusing on an aspect that is specific, it is therefore signifi cant to utilize mixed method. Qualitative research will emphasize on interpretive knowledge. The knowledge is remarkably essential in the public relations and marketing communications field. For purposes of answering survey questions and obtaining of data that is deductive, quantitative method will be of great value (Daymon & Holloway 2002). In addition to that, data collection and analysis in qualitative responses that are embedded can aid in explaining and augmenting survey responses that are contradictory or complex. Moreover, qualitative methods are essential in removing bias. As a matter of fact, they help the researcher in testing or empirically justifying their affirmed hypothesis. Despite the benefits, the mixed method has its own limitations and challenges. For instance, the conversion of qualitative data into quantitative form results to loss of data flexibility and depth. Similarly, data that is quantified is one-dimensional and fixed. This means that, they have a limited response that represents a conceptual group that is determined before data is collected from the field. Research Methodology The research design proposed is that of mixed method. It will be accomplished in twofold phases. The first phase comprises of a process that is qualitative for purposes of data analysis and collection. The second phase will comprise a quantitative process. The process will aid in obtaining data that is